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B[90] Repp (2005). Sensorimotor synchronization: a review of the tapping literature. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. link ↗ B[91] Scientific Reports (2021). Measuring the pacing of body movements timed to music and metronome (typical early lean of about 30 ms). link ↗ B[92] Psychological Research (2018). Tapping ahead of time: its association with timing variability. link ↗ B[93] Frontiers in Psychology (2016). Rhythm skills across musician groups; reviews evidence that musical training improves rhythm perception, production, and synchronization. link ↗ B[94] Experimental Brain Research (2016). Percussionists, finger tapping, and timing acuity. link ↗ B[95] Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (2015). Orchestra musicians synchronizing with a conductor; reviews moving-cue vs. flash synchronization. link ↗ B[96] Frontiers in Psychology (2017). Auditory feedback in timing tasks, summarizing earlier tapping-feedback findings. link ↗ B[97] Castro-Meneses & Sowman (2018). PeerJ; how error feedback and delayed feedback shift tapping asynchrony. link ↗ B[98] McGill piano-duet synchronization study; summarizes evidence that delayed auditory feedback disrupts timing. link ↗ B[99] Woods et al. (2015). Factors influencing the latency of simple reaction time. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. link ↗ B[100] Fitts's law: overview of the 1954 model and its later applications. link ↗ B[101] Cowan (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. link ↗ B[102] Walker et al. (2002). Practice with sleep makes perfect. Neuron (summary via Harvard Gazette). link ↗ B[103] Lee & Genovese (1988). Distribution of practice in motor skill acquisition. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. link ↗ B[104] Oudejans & Pijpers (2009). Training with anxiety has a positive effect on expert perceptual-motor performance under pressure. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. link ↗ B[105] Oudejans & Pijpers (2010). Training with mild anxiety may prevent choking under higher levels of anxiety. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(1), 44–50. B[106] Beilock & Carr (2001). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (summary via Scientific American). link ↗ B[107] Oudejans, Binsch & Bakker (2013). Negative instructions and choking under pressure in aiming at a far target. International Journal of Sport Psychology. link ↗ B[108] Guadagnoli & Lee (2004). Challenge Point: a framework for conceptualizing the effects of various practice conditions in motor learning. Journal of Motor Behavior, 36(2), 212–224. link ↗ B[109] Human Movement Science (2015). What level of difficulty corresponds to the optimal challenge point? link ↗ B[110] Human Movement Science (2024). Determining the optimal challenge point for learning motor skills (summarizes the framework's too-easy and too-hard predictions). link ↗ B[111] Diedrichsen et al. (2010). Use-dependent and error-based learning of motor behaviors. Journal of Neuroscience. link ↗ B[112] eNeuro (2021). The consistency of prior movements shapes locomotor use-dependent learning. link ↗ B[113] bioRxiv preprint (2021). Use-dependent biases primarily originate from a contaminated motor plan (debate over the mechanism). link ↗ B[114] Haken, Kelso & Bunz (1985). A theoretical model of phase transitions in human hand movements. Biological Cybernetics. link ↗ B[115] Journal of Mathematical Psychology (2012). Symmetry axiom of Haken–Kelso–Bunz coordination dynamics revisited (summarizes Kelso's 1984 findings). link ↗ B[116] Ekşioğlu & İşeri (2015). An estimation of finger-tapping rates and load capacities. Human Factors. link ↗ B[117] Contextual interference in complex bimanual skill learning leads to better skill persistence (2014). link ↗ B[118] Scientific Reports (2024). High contextual interference improves retention in motor learning: systematic review and meta-analysis. link ↗ B[119] The myth of contextual interference learning benefit in sports practice: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2023). link ↗ B[120] Mathew, Lefèvre & Crevecoeur (2021). Savings in human force field learning supported by feedback adaptation. eNeuro. link ↗ B[121] Study of savings in eyelid conditioning; its introduction notes rapid relearning of skills such as cycling, piano, and typing. link ↗ B[122] Arthur et al. (1998). Factors that influence skill decay and retention: a quantitative review and analysis. Human Performance, 11(1), 57–101. link ↗ B[123] Cerasoli, Nicklin & Ford (2014). Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: a 40-year meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin. link ↗ B[124] Carnegie Mellon memory lab paper (1998) on the power law of practice and strategy-specific improvement. link ↗ B[125] Psychonomic Bulletin & Review (2015). Individual learning curves: smooth power-law gains within a strategy plus discrete strategy shifts. link ↗ B[126] Synthese (2025). Discussion of the power law of practice and why improvement slows toward a plateau. link ↗ B[127] Harris, Allen, Vine & Wilson (2021). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between flow states and performance. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. link ↗ B[128] Frontiers in Psychology (2022). Achieving flow: elite college athletes and musicians (summarizes the dimensions of flow). link ↗ B[129] Hardy, Mullen & Jones. Knowledge and conscious control of motor actions under stress (replicates and extends Masters, 1992). link ↗ B[130] Staffordshire University paper on robust skill acquisition (reviews implicit learning and performance under pressure). link ↗ B[131] Grgic, Schoenfeld, Orazem & Sabol (2022). Resistance training to repetition failure or non-failure: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Health Science. link ↗ B[132] Branscheidt et al. (2019). Fatigue induces long-lasting detrimental changes in motor-skill learning. eLife. link ↗ B[133] Rempel, Keir & Bach (2008). Effect of wrist posture on carpal tunnel pressure while typing. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. link ↗ B[134] CDC/NIOSH-hosted paper on wrist posture with alternative keyboards (reviews carpal tunnel pressure by wrist angle). link ↗ B[135] Rempel et al. study of fingertip loading and carpal tunnel pressure (abstract summarized on Science.gov). link ↗ B[136] Institute for Work & Health (2015). Systematic review of workplace interventions for upper-extremity musculoskeletal disorders (Occupational and Environmental Medicine). link ↗ B[137] Schwellnus et al. (2012). Effect of pencil grasp on the speed and legibility of handwriting in children. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66(6), 718–726. link ↗ B[138] Schwellnus et al. (2013). Follow-up comparing the four mature pencil grasps before and after a 10-minute copy task. link ↗ B[139] Casiez, Vogel, Balakrishnan & Cockburn (2008). The impact of control-display gain on user performance in pointing tasks. Human–Computer Interaction, 23(3), 215–250. link ↗ B[140] International Journal of Technology (2012). Touchpad pointing study; reviews the U-shaped relation between control-display gain and selection time. link ↗ B[141] Rand & Stelmach (2011). Adaptation of gaze anchoring through practice in young and older adults. Neuroscience Letters, 492(1), 47–51. link ↗ B[142] Experimental Brain Research (2014). Segment interdependency and gaze anchoring during manual two-segment sequences. link ↗ B[143] Whole and part practice: a meta-analysis (2009). Perceptual and Motor Skills, 109(2), 517–530. link ↗ B[144] The effect of different times of interpolated tasks on warm-up decrement in the volleyball serve (task-specific practice removed the decrement best). link ↗ B[145] Wrisberg & Anshel (1993). A field test of the activity-set hypothesis for warm-up decrement in an open skill. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 64, 39–45 (summary). link ↗ B[146] Kulmakorpi (2025). Effects of different physical warm-ups on the aiming performance of Counter-Strike 2 and Valorant players. Master's thesis, University of Jyväskylä. link ↗ B[147] Lochbaum, Sisneros, Cooper & Terry (2023). Pre-event self-efficacy and sports performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports, 11(11), 222 (also summarizes Moritz et al., 2000). link ↗ B[148] Locke & Latham (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation. American Psychologist, 57(9), 705–717. link ↗ B[149] Lally, van Jaarsveld, Potts & Wardle (2010). How are habits formed: modelling habit formation in the real world. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(6), 998–1009. link ↗ B[150] Macnamara, Hambrick & Oswald (2014). Deliberate practice and performance in music, games, sports, education, and professions: a meta-analysis. Psychological Science, 25(8), 1608–1618. link ↗ B[151] Ericsson & Harwell (2019). Deliberate practice and proposed limits on the effects of practice on the acquisition of expert performance. Frontiers in Psychology (reanalysis). link ↗ B[152] Häger-Ross & Schieber (2000). Quantifying the independence of human finger movements. Journal of Neuroscience, 20(22), 8542–8550 (thumb, index, and little finger move more independently than middle and ring). link ↗ B[153] Motor Control (2004). Motion enslaving among multiple fingers of the human hand (independence indices: index 0.81, middle 0.53, ring 0.48, little 0.61). link ↗ B[154] Furuya, Nakamura & Nagata (2014). Neuroscience, 275, 444–454 (piano practice increases finger independence, most in the least independent pairs). link ↗ B[155] Arellano & Kram (2014). The metabolic cost of human running: is swinging the arms worth it? Journal of Experimental Biology, 217, 2456–2461 (restricting arm swing cost 3 to 13% more energy). link ↗ B[156] Ashford, Bennett & Davids (2006). Observational modeling effects for movement dynamics and movement outcome measures: a meta-analysis. Journal of Motor Behavior, 38(3), 185–205 (effect sizes 0.77 for movement dynamics, 0.17 for movement outcome). link ↗ B[157] Friedman & Korman (2019). Observation of an expert model induces a skilled movement coordination pattern in a single session of intermittent practice. Scientific Reports, 9. link ↗ B[158] Smooth pursuit eye movement: continuous velocity-matched tracking, latency about 90 to 150 ms, effective up to roughly 30 degrees per second before catch-up saccades are required; saccades by contrast are ballistic, uncorrectable mid-flight, with latencies around 200 to 250 ms. link ↗ B[159] Wymbs, Bastian & Celnik (2016). Motor skills are strengthened through reconsolidation. Current Biology, 26(3), 338–343 (a subtly modified second session nearly doubled gains; skipping it was about 25% worse; too large a modification removed the benefit). link ↗ B[160] Fitts & Posner (1967). Human Performance. Brooks/Cole (three stages of skill learning: cognitive, associative, autonomous). B[161] International Hyperhidrosis Society: sweaty hands (palmar hyperhidrosis), and its clinician page on tap-water iontophoresis, long treated by dermatologists as a first-line therapy for palms and soles. link ↗ B[162] Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology (2019). Management strategies of palmar hyperhidrosis: challenges and solutions (treatment ladder from topical antiperspirants through iontophoresis to botulinum toxin and surgery). link ↗ B[163] DiFrancisco-Donoghue et al. (2019). Managing the health of the eSport athlete. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine. link ↗ B[168] World Health Organization: Gaming disorder (questions and answers). link ↗ Something wrong with a source, or a better one? Suggest a source or correction — accepted contributions earn 🍪 Cookies.